Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Difference and Similarities

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Difference and Similarities The similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokarytotic cells Eukaryotic cells Similarities Nucleus The DNA floats within the nucleus of this cell. The division of the cell happens via mitosis. The nucleus is known as a nucleoid which isn’t a true nucleus like eukaryotic cell. (John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. Last accessed 11/11/2014.) (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p49-52,p57-61.) The DNA is more complex, the nucleolus situated in the middle of the cell, holds the DNA together and in a plant cell a nuclear envelope does this job. The division of the cell happens via meiosis. Ribosomes Responsible for making proteins in the cytoplasm, these are smaller than in a eukaryotic cell. They are present and bigger than in a prokaryotic cell. Cytoplasm This is a liquid material that contains the DNA and other parts of the cell that allow it to function. (John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. Last accessed 11/11/2014) The DNA is contained within the nucleus and the other organelles float in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus. Differences Chloroplasts Only found in plant or algae cells which are eukaryotic. (s-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) Only found in plant or algae cells, responsible for extracting food from the sun and carbon dioxide. Golgi apparatus This organelle isn’t present as the cell isn’t as complex as a eukaryotic cell. This is found within the membrane of a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell doesn’t have any membrane bound organelles. Materials are transported via a vesicle through the cytosplasm. Mitochondria Respiration takes place in the mesosome. ATP isn’t required in prokaryotic cells. ATP is used in active transport and prokaryotic cells use passive transport. (S-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) (John Wiley and sons. (2014). Biology Basics: Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-.html. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) Respiration takes place here, ATP is produced which provides energy for the cells reactions. (S-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum A prokaryotic cell doesn’t produce lipids. A process where endocytosis takes place, this only occurs in eukaryotic cells. John Wiley and sons. (2014). Biology Basics: Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-.html. Last accessed 10/11/2014 Smooth endoplasmic adds carbohydrates to proteins and produces lipids and rough is responsible for synthesising the proteins that are needed in the cell and the area around the cell. Specialised structures that allow a sperm to carry out its role A sperm cell consists of a head, middle and tail. The head contains the DNA which is in the nucleus, this contains the 23 chromosomes required to meet with an egg which has the other 23 chromosomes needed to create an embryo. The head also contains an acrosome which contains enzymes that allow the sperm to break through the egg membrane and penetrate. The middle of the sperm cell is a bit like an engine, the mitochondria creates the energy needed to move the tail. The tail is thin and uses a whipping motion to travel through bodily fluids. (BBC-GCSE Bitesize. (2014). The mentrual cycle and fertilisation. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_edexcel/control_systems/menstrual_cycle_fertilisation/revision/3/. Last accessed 10/11/2014) Specialised structures that allow a red blood cell to carry out its role A red blood cells shape, flexibility and size play a big part in its role. It is bi-concave which gives a big surface area to allow quick diffusion of oxygen. Its small size and flexibility helps it to travel unharmed through narrow capillaries and travel easily through the body. It doesn’t require a nucleus which means it has more room to carry oxygen, allowing it to carry out its role of transporting oxygen throughout the body. A pigment known as hemoglobin is responsible for its colour and also allows the cell to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. (BBC Bitesize. (2014). The circulatory system. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/living_growing/circulatoryrev4.shtml. Last accessed 10/11/2014) (MedicineNet. (2014). Definition of red blood cells. Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5260. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) The importance of the major components of the fluid-mosaic model and of plasma membranes There are four major components of the fluid mosaic model that demonstrate the structure of the plasma membrane. These are the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. The phospholipid bilayer is the main foundation of the plasma membrane and is formed by two layers of phospholipids, the head section of the phospholipid which is known as the hydrophilic head, faces towards the water as it is water loving. The phospholipid tail known as a hydrophobic tail as it doesn’t like water, faces inwards, which causes the phospholipids to group together in two rows known as a bilayer. The proteins are essential as they allow non-soluble substances to pass in and out of the phospholipid bilayer, they are nestled in between the phospholipid bilayer but are not stationary so they are able to move in the membrane. Carbohydrate and cholesterol are the less important parts of the plasma membranes but they still play an important role in supporting it. Carbohydrates are fo rmed in a chain which is linked to the outer surface of the membrane, the reason for carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is so that the cell can interact with other cells which is essential for recognising hormones and foreign molecules. Cholesterol is the component which stabilises the membrane, it keeps the fluidity at a good level and stops it from solidifying, this is important in the human body for example, when we get too cold it will stop us from actually freezing. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p54-Part 1-Biology basics paragraph 4). The importance of active and passive transport mechanisms The two forms of transport are active and passive transport and they both have different types of transport within them. Not all molecules require a transport method as they can travel through the plasma membrane easily by themselves as they are small, examples of these are hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are compatible with the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer as they both repel water. Molecules that need help travelling through the plasma membrane are ions and larger molecules such as hormones, they can’t travel through the hydrophobic tails on their own and need help in the form of transport to get from A to B. Smaller molecules can use passive transport to travel through the membrane as passive transport doesn’t require energy and as the molecules are only small they don’t need the energy to be pushed along. Ions and larger molecules need to use active transport to travel and this form of transport requires energy as the molecules are bigger and need help either by being given an opening that they can easily fit through or by being carried along. Passive transport needs a semi permeable membrane for passive transport to take place, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. Simple diffusion allows a substance to go from being highly concentrated to less concentrated, this is important for when oxygen is absorbed into a cell and carbon dioxide is pushed out. Osmosis is used for the diffusion of water across a membrane, it is similar to diffusion as it uses the method of moving from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated area but it uses solutes which dissolve in the water to balance the concentration levels on each side of the cell so that they end up being even. Facilitated diffusion allows specific ions or molecules to travel from one place to another via a tunnel which is made from proteins, the ions or molecules diffuse through the membrane and the protein gives the molecule a helping hand to travel through the cell. Active transport requires energy to enable the molecule to travel, this type of energy is called ATP. The reason energy is required is because bulkier molecules that need help to travel can’t do it alone so they require a vesicle to help them. The two methods within active transport are endocytosis which is when a material wants to enter the cell, the plasma membrane pulls the material inwards in an envelope type movement and seals off to form a vesicle which then can move into the cell. When a bulkier material needs to leave the cell and this would be for removing waste from the cell or for the secretion of materials like hormones, it uses the process exocytosis and this is when a membrane forms around the material making a vesicle and this then attaches itself to the cell membrane allowing it to empty its contents. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p55-56.) Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis and Meiosis are both the process in which cells are copied to create new cells in this way the two processes are very similar as they both involve the replication of a cell but they both carry out completely different roles. Mitosis is the process in which a single cell is replicated to create another identical cell, this is known as asexual reproduction as the cell has replicated its own DNA. The process is broken down into 4 stages, these are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase is the stage in which the chromosomes are condensed, the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindles form and attach to the chromosomes. After this phase, the chromosomes are pulled by the mitotic spindles to the middle of the cell, this is called metaphase. Once this has happened the chromosomes that have been replicated separate and go to opposite sides in two identical halves known as chromatids, this is so that each cell has one copy of each DNA molecule from the parent cell when the process has finished, this phase is known as anaphase and is a key factor as it is important for the DNA to replicated to create a cell that is identical to the original cell. The final stage is telophase and this is when the cell is just about to be divided to create two new identical cells, known as daughter cells. Nuclear membranes are formed around each set of chromosomes, the chromosomes then spread throughout the nucleus, the spindles break down and the nucleoli reforms and becomes visible again. Once all four phases are completed the two new cells are ready to separate. Meiosis follows a similar process to mitosis but instead of one division it requires two separate divisions to complete the process and instead of one copy of chromosomes it requires two copies of the chromosomes to be made so that you end up with four cells known as gametes with only half of the chromosomes needed to make a human, these cells are not genetically identical to the parent cell. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p86. Table 6-1. A comparison of Mitosis Meiosis). Gametes are human reproduction cells and they only require 23 chromosomes, this is because we only need to inherit half the DNA from each parent and it creates variety in our offspring. There are two stages of meiosis and each stage follows the same phases as mitosis but for the first stage known as meiosis 1, the phases are known for example, prophase 1 and for the second stage, meiosis 2 the phases are known for example as prophase 2. In meiosis 1, the chromosomes are paired up and then separated in two daughter cells, a bit similar to what happens in mitosis but now the stage needs to carry on, this happens in meiosis 2. In meiosis 2 the replicated chromosomes separate into sister chromatids, they break up giving four daughter cells one piece of the chromosome pair, so now at the end of this process we are left with 4 daughter cells that have a piece of DNA each. Once the process is completed we are left with four gamete cells which are now ready to interact with another gamete cell, these cells are known as sperm and egg cells and are vital for human reproduction. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishi ng Inc. p88-95.) References BBC-GCSE Bitesize. (2014). The mentrual cycle and fertilisation. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_edexcel/control_systems/menstrual_cycle_fertilisation/revision/3/. Last accessed 10/11/2014) BBC Bitesize. (2014). The circulatory system. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/living_growing/circulatoryrev4.shtml. Last accessed 10/11/2014) John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. Last accessed 11/11/2014. MedicineNet. (2014). Definition of red blood cells. Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5260. Last accessed 10/11/2014 Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p86. Table 6-1. A comparison of Mitosis Meiosis. Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p88-95. Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p55-56 Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p54-Part 1-Biology basics paragraph 4 Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p49-52. Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc. p57-61. S-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) Andrew Radar Studios. (2014). Cell structure and function. Available: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html. Last accessed 10/11/2014 Gareth Rowlands (2008). Biology AS A2. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. p24-29, p38-39. John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Available: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. Last accessed 11/11/2014 S-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.) S-cool youth marketing limited. (2014). The cell membrane. Available: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/the-cell-membrane. Last accessed 10/11/2014 Laura Robbins

How Does SHRM Influence Organizational Outcomes? Essay

Introduction In modern business environment, †Strategy† is always applied in each business area. As strategic management discipline originated in the 1950s and 1960s, strategic human resource management emerged as following. At the beginning, HR department is not viewed as an important division and in many multinational companies (Vymys.P 2014), only marketing, R&D and finance which are direct associated with the competition and revenue could get enough attention from general manager, stockholders and professors in management area. However, nowadays, strategic human resource management (SHRM) is considered to be a source of competitive advantage for a firm (Wright, Dunford, & Snell, 2001). An increasing number of senior managers or professors have begun to focus on human capital. Actually, the core competition ability of an enterprise is accumulated value of employees. During the process of promoting and implementing all the business in an enterprise, the initiative of the people, the guaranteed skills and the team cooperation is the key factor for it to work effectively; SHRM is, in fact, the management of power development and the core of management behavior includes the acquisition, motivation, organization and development of human resource management. These four parts form a unified whole and none is dispensable. The circulation of the â€Å"unified whole† promotes human resources management and enterprise management constantly, thus enhances the enterprise’s core competitiveness and profitability. In Google, the Human Resource department is called People Operations. They emphasize on the process which employees create value for the company and presents strategic modes in HR management. For example,each employee in Google has material packages in HR department with at least dozens of pages, on which record their abundant personal information,like SAT scores,rankings,GPA,resume, papers published,referees and even message in BBS and blog (Wei,J. 2013). In terms of recruitment,the questions candidates received are various and strange. Google devotes into seeking the smart to compete rivals and indeed,  this strategic recruitment method does work and provides countless value for the enterprise (Poundstone,W. 2012). In total, SHRM plays a crucial role in enterprise management and affects the success and failure in an organization. Strategic Human Resource Management and 8P Model Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is different from the concept â€Å"human resources management†. Put it in detail,SHRM refers that the essence of SHRM is to adopt a flexible but strategic perspective that accurately analyses both the internal and external environments of organizations to assure ’fit’ between HR strategies and practices, and between these and business strategiesï ¼Ë†Redman,T. and Wilkinson, A. 2013,p.50). The main characteristic of SHRM is to emphasize matching up between human resource management and enterprise strategies, to establish relevant human resource management activities and deployment according to organizational strategic objectives and to provide services and support for the implementation of enterprise strategy(Strategic Human Resource Management And 8P Model 2012) . Therefore, if an organization wants to achieve the goals, the first thing is to successfully manage human capital. However, how to motivate human talent to create a network and make the company successful? According to Adam Smithï ¼Ë†1776ï ¼â€°, economic activity was fulled not by workers as a collective mass but by †the acquired and useful ability of all the inhabitants and members of the society†. With the development of strategic human resource management, there is an increasing number of people focusing on capitalize the intangible asset. Many practices and strategies are applied in promoting the †best fit† and encouraging the network. Theodore Schultz(1960), American economist and the creator of human capital theory, in his report †Human Capital Investment and Urban Competitiveness† said, the source of economic growth can not increase only depending on the material input of the Labor force, but the more important is to rely on improved peopl e’s ability. According to the American economists estimates, from 1900 to 1957, the material capital investment increased by 4.5 times, profits increased by 3.55 times,while human capital investment increased by 3.5 times, profits increased by 17.55 times. During the 38 years from 1919 to 1957, 49% of  gross national product is the result of human capital(What Is Strategic Human Resource Management In An Organization 2008). Obviously, the contribution rate of human capital in the era of knowledge economy is far greater than that of material capital. Therefore, paying attention to the importance of human capital on economic growth is particularly urgent. Under the background of modern social economy, the enterprise must carry out strategic management of human capital and strengthen the competition and development of the enterprise. As I mentioned, SHRM is power management and its core function and soul is acquisition,motivation,organization and development. In terms of behavior and responsibilities of strategic human resource management, to conclude, there are eight essential abilities: Table1.Strategic Human Resource Management and 8P model (MBA Lib,2012) These eight abilities are specifiedï ¼Å¡ ——HRM project system based on strategy(Project) Understanding organizational strategic decision and management environment is the precondition of human resource planning. According to the enterprise development strategy, combining with the enterprise human resource current situation and making enterprise human resources plans enable the enterprise’s human resources to support enterprise strategic development needs and to contribute to the realization of enterprise strategy. The main activities of enterprise human resources planning encompass the analysis of supply and demand of human resources, the planning of amount of human resource planning, human resources structure optimization planning and human resource qualification promotion planning, and the concrete measures to realize the objective of human resource planning, namely, the various business plans. ——Job analysis system based on strategy(position) Job analysis is a basic work in an enterprise’s SHRM. Enterprises select the appropriate organization mode according to their own strategic and on the basis of this, set up departments including management processes and business processes and clear the responsibility and authority of the various functional departments. HR department should clear the responsibilities and  content of each department and analyze the necessary knowledge, skills, experience and personal quality as an employee. ——Employee’s qualification analysis system based on strategy and position (personnel) Enterprises should proceed based on strategic objectives and customer demand, on the basis of job analysis, analyze and conclude the staff with high performance and then set up â€Å"Staff Quality Model† in order to optimize human resource and motivate the staff’s potentials. ——recruitment system based on strategy and competence(provide) Recruitment based on strategy is no longer to simply hire people to fill the vacancies and what they acquire is the resource with which an enterprise can survive and win the competition. A company not only care about if the candidate is qualified in the position, but also care about if the candidate could provide support for the company to achieve the enterprise strategic objectives. Therefore, an enterprise should take human resource planning and â€Å"Staff Quality Model† into account, when recruiting. ——training system based on strategy and employee’s career(plant) The training system based on strategy and staff’s career development should encompass training demands assessment, drawing up a training plan and training results transformation. Training needs assessment should consider about strategic requirements, staff qualities and training needs by which employees want to achieve professional development in their career. ——career management based on strategy(profession) Career management based on strategy requires an enterprise to set up job positions and job classification based on the organizational strategies. Enterprises should establish different levels of qualification standards according to different employee’s classification, drive the employees to study and improve professional skills. In addition to this, HR division should set up promotion system by which employees have more motivation to do the work and improve themselves. Besides, an enterprise should build a good environment for employees to grow up and positively provide consultancy for  employees about promotion and skill improvement. By that, realize that the enterprise leads employees to grow up and employees promote the enterprise to develop. ——appraisal performance system based on strategy and key performance indicator (performance) Performance is an effective output in order to achieve strategic objectives including organizational performance, department(team) performance and personal performance. SHRM focuses on organizational overall performance whose goal is to survive and develop in the competition. Appraisal performance system based on strategy and key performance indicator requires an enterprise to develop relying on organizational strategic objectives and to determine the enterprise key results areas and key performance indicators through the analysis of the value chain of enterprises. Organizational performance is based on individual performance and team performance. When the organization performance targets are allocated to every employee and every job, and as long as each employee meets the organizational requirements, the realization of organizational performance is guaranteed. Standard procedure of performance appraisal comprises five links, namely, planing assessment, performance management(e,g, performance coaching, counseling and performance tracking), performance appraisal, performance feedback such as performance interview, and the use of performance appraisal(e.g. reward, promotion, elimination and improving the performance appraisal mode). ——payment management based on ability and achievement(payment) There are three ways measuring the value that employees create for the enterprise. So on the basis of it, there are emerging three compensation modes. The first mode is based on job duties which is determined by the importance of job and relative value of job in the enterprise. The second is based on performance evaluation. In this way, an employee’s salary is related to his performance. Evaluating the salary level by employee personal performance or team performance is a result oriented value distribution way. The third is to pay the employees according to employee’s ability, capacity, professional skills, experience internal quality and so on. Under the framework of strategic human resource management, the enterprise’s salary incentive  system should focus on the short-term performance improvement and long-term development of the enterprise. Therefore, compensation management must link to performance and ability appraisal by which each employee’s income and performance is related to the realization of organizational strategies. Payroll management based on performance and ability not only emphasize the value created by individuals and teamwork but also emphasize potential value that individuals and teams could bring about for the enterprise. Conclusion To conclude, SHRM to a large extent influences the organizational outcome. I have explained each function separately and each one is closely associated to the organizational strategy. Actually, the core management of an enterprise is human management and each department in the enterprise is operated by people. Therefore, what extent to capitalize the human resource and how to match the human resources with the organizational strategies is critical issue. More importantly,this also requires the HR division to understand the organizational strategies on which manage employees effectively and plan and execute SHRM strategies to help the enterprise to survive and win the global competition. To sum up, SHRM is to explore and motivate the value of people. A good HR division knows exactly which division need which talents and understand how to motivate the employee potential. However, to what extent to motive and explore these potentials to be the â€Å"Best Fit† and how to manage the talents from motivating personalities to forming a standard is another important issue. This would be discussed more deeply. References 1. Vymys,p.2014,Introduction to Human Resource Strategy(WORK6017), The university of Sydney,Sydney, 29 July, viewed 10 September 2014, 2. Mayhew,R. and Demand 2014, Chron,Small Business,10 September 2014, 3. Strategic Human Resource Management And 8P Model 2012, MBA Lib, viewed 10 September 2014, 4. Schultz,T. 1960,Human Capital Investment and Urban Competitiveness,social Sciences Academic Press, China. 5.What is Strategic Human Resource Management In An Organization 2008, MBA Lib, viewed 10 September 2014, 6. Redman,T. and Wilkinson,A. 2013, Contemporary Human Resource Management,Pearson,UK 7.Human Resource 2014,MBA Lib, Viewed 10 September 2014, 8.Wei,J. 2013,demystify the recruitment of Google:lengthy and picky five rounds of interviews,Sina ChuangShiJi, viewed 17 September 2014, 9. Manjoo,F. 2013,The Happiness Machine:How Google became such a great place to work, Slate, viewed 17 September 2014, 10. Google,2014,Google Career, viewed 17 September 2014, 11.Pounderstone,W.2012,Are You Smart Enough To Work At Google,Little,Brown and Company Press,United States of America.

Assess the View That Traditional Class Identities

Assess the view that traditional class identities are no longer important. Social class refers to the divisions within society. Each group shares the same characteristics, for example they may work within the same type of occupation, therefore meaning they share the same economic status. These groups are the working class, middle class and upper class. However now some believe there isn’t this social class division within society and that everyone is equal. People that would agree traditional class identities are no longer important are postmodernists.These have the view that class no longer really matters in modern Britain and that now people no longer identify themselves according to their class background. Clarke and Saunders (1991) would agree with the view of postmodernists. They suggest that classes have become fragmented into many different groups and now they have been replaced with other influences such as gender and lifestyles. Although they is some evidence which su ggests these ideas are exaggerated.Marshall’s survey into how people view themselves showed people still see social class as a source of identity. The traditional working class was a group of people that was developed after the industrialisation when they were need for large amounts of manual workers. This group formed a strong sense on culture and identity. These were strong moral values, having men as the breadwinner and women as housewives and believing getting a job is more important than having an education.The traditional working class also saw the labour party as the party for the working class as it represented their interests, as pointed out in item B. Although now many people in the working class vote for different parties as they don’t all agree on what is important now in society, supporting the idea that traditional class identities are no longer important. Now also the manufacturing business as changed a lot, this means now they aren’t the same job s available as they would have been before as they have been replaced with things such as machines that can do a faster and cheaper job.Therefore the working class has had to change the sort of jobs they do over time which may be a reason for the change in characteristics, and therefore making the traditional class identities now no longer important. Diamond and Giddens agree with this as they argue that the working class is no longer important because of the change in the economy that as lead to the decline of manual labour jobs, and that the working class isn’t now the only class which experiences economic and social eprivation. The new working class is now seen to have little loyalty to others within the same class, more emphasis on customer goods, high levels of home ownership, and women likely to be employed. There is also now a larger section of the working class, this may be down to some working class jobs now becoming more skilful therefore getting higher pay, which o thers become less skilful and get lower pay, meaning people in the same class may identify themselves every differently.However there are sociologists that believe traditional class identities are still very important, for example Marxists. They believe social class is still hugely influential in shaping our identities. They also believe social class is identified by your income, and that leisure wouldn’t define your identity as you would need the disposable income to afford it. The British Attitudes Survey supported this idea, because in 2007 it found still 94% of people still identified themselves with a social class, whereas only 6% didn’t.Overall the importance of traditional class identities are seen every differently by different people. Views which agree and disagree to the importance of traditional class identities still being important have both positives and negatives so it’s hard to just believe one view point is the truth and the other doesn’t matter. Therefore I believe both viewpoints have sufficient evidence and that traditional class identities are still important to an extent, however now there is also other factors that can make up our identity other than just our social class.

Alcohol Behavioral Couple Therapy ( Abct ) - 1491 Words

Alcohol Behavioral Couple Therapy (ABCT) is used with individuals who have an alcohol use disorder, this therapy also includes their partners. ABCT is an outpatient treatment therapy based on an â€Å"Intimate partner behaviors and couple interactions can be triggers for drinking, and positive intimate relationship is a key source of motivation to change drinking behavior.† McCrady and Epstein (2004) explained the goal of ABCT is to help a client achieve a state of abstinence and maintain it, teach partners how to handle situations pertaining to drinking, and enhance the overall relationship. Treatment Protocol Accord to Farrell and Fals-Stewart (2006) BCT is a 12-session process, each session has a corresponding checklist for the therapist to complete. The first session is called: â€Å"Introduction, Recovery Contract, Catch Your Partner Doing Something Nice.† The checklist would require the therapist to introduce themselves and make the clients feel welcomed. The therapist would then explain in more detail what BCT is and why it is important. The third part of this checklist would be to explain promises and to ask for a verbal commitment for the clients to keep promises in the upcoming weeks. Part four gives an overview of each session that is to come in the upcoming weeks, while part five discusses trust discussion and a recovery contract. The next part of the checklist would talk about how to catch your partner doing something nice, followed by assigning at home practice.Show MoreRelatedDiagnosis Based Upon The Dsm 51344 Words   |  6 PagesResults of Assessment Diagnosis Based upon the DSM-5 List: Principal DSM-5 Diagnosis (Focus of treatment): 303.90 (F10.20) Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder Specifier: in early remission, in a controlled environment Additional DSM-5 Diagnoses: 300.4 (F34.1) Moderate Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Specifiers: with anxious distress, in partial remission, late onset, with pure dysthymic syndrome Relevant Medical Diagnoses (if known): Note: Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention–Read MoreAlcoholism: A Family Affair Essay example873 Words   |  4 Pagesthe family back together as a unit. Before the family can begin to come together, it is important to understand what is tearing it apart. Doing this means understanding alcoholism and what it entails. â€Å"The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines alcohol abuse as ‘a maladaptive drinking pattern that repeatedly causes life problems’† (Herrick Herrick, 2007, p. 47). Herrick and Herrick (2007), later distinguishes between two types of alcoholics: Type I, which develops later in